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	<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
	<li><a href="#syntax">SYNTAX</a></li>
	<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
	<li><a href="#usage">USAGE</a></li>
	<li><a href="#common_options">COMMON OPTIONS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#commands">COMMANDS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#command_descriptions">COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#libc_nss">LIBC NSS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#maintainer">MAINTAINER</a></li>
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<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="syntax">SYNTAX</a></h1>
<pre>
 busybox &lt;applet&gt; [arguments...]  # or</pre>
<pre>
 &lt;applet&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities
you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox
generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the
options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very
much like their GNU counterparts.</p>
<p>BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind.
It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or
features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded
systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel.
BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded
system.</p>
<p>BusyBox is extremely configurable.  This allows you to include only the
components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make
menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.  Then run
'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.</p>
<p>After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory
specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when configuring BusyBox,
or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a
command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled
any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will
also be installed in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="usage">USAGE</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox is a multi-call binary.  A multi-call binary is an executable program
that performs the same job as more than one utility program.  That means there
is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large
number of utilities.  This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in
utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common
operations.</p>
<p>You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
command line.  For example, entering</p>
<pre>
        /bin/busybox ls</pre>
<p>will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.</p>
<p>Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful.  So most
people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.</p>
<p>For example, entering</p>
<pre>
        ln -s /bin/busybox ls
        ./ls</pre>
<p>will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox).  Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these
links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run
the 'make install' command.</p>
<p>If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the
applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="common_options">COMMON OPTIONS</a></h1>
<p>Most BusyBox applets support the <strong>--help</strong> argument to provide a terse runtime
description of their behavior.  If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has
been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="commands">COMMANDS</a></h1>
<p>Currently available applets include:</p>
<pre>
        [, [[, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash, awk,
        basename, bbconfig, blkid, bootchartd, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal,
        cat, catv, chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum,
        clear, cmp, comm, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd,
        deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod, devmem, df, dhcprelay, diff,
        dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname, dos2unix, du, dumpkmap, echo,
        ed, egrep, env, ether-wake, expand, expr, fakeidentd, false, fbset,
        fbsplash, fdflush, fgconsole, fgrep, find, findfs, flock, fold,
        free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsync, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt,
        getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, hd, head, hexdump, hostid,
        hostname, httpd, hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init,
        insmod, install, ionice, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink,
        iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd,
        last, length, less, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login,
        logname, logread, losetup, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lsusb, lzcat, lzma,
        lzop, lzopcat, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs,
        mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo,
        modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mv, nameif, netstat, nice,
        nmeter, nohup, nslookup, ntpd, od, openvt, passwd, patch, pgrep,
        pidof, ping, pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, poweroff, printenv,
        printf, ps, pscan, pwd, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink,
        readprofile, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, resize, rfkill, rm,
        rmdir, rmmod, route, rtcwake, run-parts, runlevel, rx, script,
        scriptreplay, sed, seq, setconsole, setfont, setkeycodes,
        setlogcons, setsid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha512sum, showkey,
        sleep, smemcap, sort, split, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty,
        su, sulogin, sum, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl,
        syslogd, tac, tail, tar, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp,
        tftpd, time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty,
        ttysize, tune2fs, ubiattach, ubidetach, udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd,
        umount, uname, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlzma, unlzop, unxz,
        unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock,
        watch, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat,
        zcip</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="command_descriptions">COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS</a></h1>
<dl>
<dt><strong><a name="addgroup" class="item"><strong>addgroup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>addgroup [-g GID] [USER] GROUP</p>
<p>Add a group or add a user to a group</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -g GID  Group id
        -S      Create a system group</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="adduser" class="item"><strong>adduser</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>adduser [OPTIONS] USER</p>
<p>Add a user</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -h DIR          Home directory
        -g GECOS        GECOS field
        -s SHELL        Login shell
        -G GRP          Add user to existing group
        -S              Create a system user
        -D              Don't assign a password
        -H              Don't create home directory
        -u UID          User id</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="adjtimex" class="item"><strong>adjtimex</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>adjtimex [-q] [-o OFF] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK]</p>
<p>Read and optionally set system timebase parameters. See <a href="#adjtimex"><code>adjtimex(2)</code></a></p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -q      Quiet
        -o OFF  Time offset, microseconds
        -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
                (positive values make clock run faster)
        -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
        -p TCONST</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ar" class="item"><strong>ar</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ar [-o] [-v] [-p] [-t] [-x] ARCHIVE FILES</p>
<p>Extract or list FILES from an ar archive</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -o      Preserve original dates
        -p      Extract to stdout
        -t      List
        -x      Extract
        -v      Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="arp" class="item"><strong>arp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>arp 
<tr><td>[-vn]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME]
<tr><td>[-v]<td>    [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME [pub]
<tr><td>[-v]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp]
<tr><td>[-v]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub
<tr><td>[-v]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub</table></p>
<p>Manipulate ARP cache</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a              Display (all) hosts
        -s              Set new ARP entry
        -d              Delete a specified entry
        -v              Verbose
        -n              Don't resolve names
        -i IF           Network interface
        -D              Read &lt;hwaddr&gt; from given device
        -A, -p AF       Protocol family
        -H HWTYPE       Hardware address type</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="arping" class="item"><strong>arping</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP</p>
<p>Send ARP requests/replies</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f              Quit on first ARP reply
        -q              Quiet
        -b              Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
        -D              Duplicated address detection mode
        -U              Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
        -A              ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
        -c N            Stop after sending N ARP requests
        -w TIMEOUT      Time to wait for ARP reply, seconds
        -I IFACE        Interface to use (default eth0)
        -s SRC_IP       Sender IP address
        DST_IP          Target IP address</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="awk" class="item"><strong>awk</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -v VAR=VAL      Set variable
        -F SEP          Use SEP as field separator
        -f FILE         Read program from FILE</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="basename" class="item"><strong>basename</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>basename FILE [SUFFIX]</p>
<p>Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bbconfig" class="item"><strong>bbconfig</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bbconfig</p>
<p>Print the config file used by busybox build</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="blkid" class="item"><strong>blkid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>blkid</p>
<p>Print UUIDs of all filesystems</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bootchartd" class="item"><strong>bootchartd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bootchartd start [PROG ARGS]|stop|init</p>
<p>Create /var/log/bootchart.tgz with boot chart data</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<p>start: start background logging; with PROG, run PROG, then kill logging with USR1
stop: send USR1 to all bootchartd processes
init: start background logging; stop when getty/xdm is seen (for init scripts)
Under PID 1: as init, then exec $bootchart_init, /init, /sbin/init</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bunzip2" class="item"><strong>bunzip2</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bunzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bzcat" class="item"><strong>bzcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bzcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bzip2" class="item"><strong>bzip2</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -1..9   Compression level
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cal" class="item"><strong>cal</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR]</p>
<p>Display a calendar</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -j      Use julian dates
        -y      Display the entire year</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cat" class="item"><strong>cat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cat [FILE]...</p>
<p>Concatenate FILEs and print them to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="catv" class="item"><strong>catv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>catv [-etv] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -e      End each line with $
        -t      Show tabs as ^I
        -v      Don't use ^x or M-x escapes</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chattr" class="item"><strong>chattr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chattr [-R] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] [-v VERSION] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Change file attributes on an ext2 fs</p>
<p>Modifiers:</p>
<pre>
        -       Remove attributes
        +       Add attributes
        =       Set attributes
Attributes:</pre>
<pre>
        A       Don't track atime
        a       Append mode only
        c       Enable compress
        D       Write dir contents synchronously
        d       Don't backup with dump
        i       Cannot be modified (immutable)
        j       Write all data to journal first
        s       Zero disk storage when deleted
        S       Write file contents synchronously
        t       Disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
        u       Allow file to be undeleted
Options:</pre>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -v      Set the file's version/generation number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chgrp" class="item"><strong>chgrp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chgrp [-RhLHP]... GROUP FILE...</p>
<p>Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
        -L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
        -H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
        -P      Don't traverse symlinks (default)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chmod" class="item"><strong>chmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chmod [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...</p>
<p>Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the
symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chown" class="item"><strong>chown</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chown [-RhLHP]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP]] FILE...</p>
<p>Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
        -L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
        -H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
        -P      Don't traverse symlinks (default)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chroot" class="item"><strong>chroot</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chrt" class="item"><strong>chrt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chrt [OPTIONS] [PRIO] [PID | PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Change scheduling priority and class for a process</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -p      Operate on PID
        -r      Set SCHED_RR class
        -f      Set SCHED_FIFO class
        -o      Set SCHED_OTHER class
        -m      Show min/max priorities</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chvt" class="item"><strong>chvt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chvt N</p>
<p>Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cksum" class="item"><strong>cksum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cksum FILES...</p>
<p>Calculate the CRC32 checksums of FILES</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="clear" class="item"><strong>clear</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>clear</p>
<p>Clear screen</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cmp" class="item"><strong>cmp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2]</p>
<p>Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
                for all differing bytes
        -s      Quiet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="comm" class="item"><strong>comm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>comm [-123] FILE1 FILE2</p>
<p>Compare FILE1 with FILE2</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -1      Suppress lines unique to FILE1
        -2      Suppress lines unique to FILE2
        -3      Suppress lines common to both files</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cp" class="item"><strong>cp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE DEST</p>
<p>Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Same as -dpR
        -R,-r   Recurse
        -d,-P   Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
        -L      Follow all symlinks
        -H      Follow symlinks on command line
        -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
        -f      Overwrite
        -i      Prompt before overwrite
        -l,-s   Create (sym)links</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cpio" class="item"><strong>cpio</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-H newc] [-tio] [-p DIR]</p>
<p>Extract or list files from a cpio archive, or
create an archive (-o) or copy files (-p) using file list on stdin</p>
<p>Main operation mode:</p>
<pre>
        -t      List
        -i      Extract
        -o      Create (requires -H newc)
        -p DIR  Copy files to DIR
Options:</pre>
<pre>
        -d      Make leading directories
        -m      Preserve mtime
        -v      Verbose
        -u      Overwrite
        -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
        -H newc Archive format</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="crond" class="item"><strong>crond</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>crond -fbS -l N -d N -L LOGFILE -c DIR</p>
<pre>
        -f      Foreground
        -b      Background (default)
        -S      Log to syslog (default)
        -l      Set log level. 0 is the most verbose, default 8
        -d      Set log level, log to stderr
        -L      Log to file
        -c      Working dir</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="crontab" class="item"><strong>crontab</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]</p>
<pre>
        -c      Crontab directory
        -u      User
        -l      List crontab
        -e      Edit crontab
        -r      Delete crontab
        FILE    Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cut" class="item"><strong>cut</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
        -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
        -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
        -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
        -f N    Print only these fields
        -n      Ignored</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="date" class="item"><strong>date</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]</p>
<p>Display time (using +FMT), or set time</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME
        -u,--utc        Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
        -R,--rfc-2822   Output RFC-2822 compliant date string
        -I[SPEC]        Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
                        SPEC='date' (default) for date only,
                        'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
                        time to the indicated precision
        -r,--reference FILE     Display last modification time of FILE
        -d,--date TIME  Display TIME, not 'now'
        -D FMT          Use FMT for -d TIME conversion</pre>
<p>Recognized TIME formats:</p>
<pre>
        hh:mm[:ss]
        [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
        YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
        [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dc" class="item"><strong>dc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dc expression...</p>
<p>Tiny RPN calculator. Operations:
+, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or, not, eor,
p - print top of the stack (without altering the stack),
f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and set output radix
(value must be 10 or 16).
Examples: 'dc 2 2 add' -&gt; 4, 'dc 8 8 * 2 2 + /' -&gt; 16</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dd" class="item"><strong>dd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
<tr><td><td>[seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync]</table></p>
<p>Copy a file with converting and formatting</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        if=FILE         Read from FILE instead of stdin
        of=FILE         Write to FILE instead of stdout
        bs=N            Read and write N bytes at a time
        ibs=N           Read N bytes at a time
        obs=N           Write N bytes at a time
        count=N         Copy only N input blocks
        skip=N          Skip N input blocks
        seek=N          Skip N output blocks
        conv=notrunc    Don't truncate output file
        conv=noerror    Continue after read errors
        conv=sync       Pad blocks with zeros
        conv=fsync      Physically write data out before finishing</pre>
<p>Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024),
MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="deallocvt" class="item"><strong>deallocvt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>deallocvt [N]</p>
<p>Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="delgroup" class="item"><strong>delgroup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>delgroup [USER] GROUP</p>
<p>Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="deluser" class="item"><strong>deluser</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>deluser USER</p>
<p>Delete USER from the system</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="depmod" class="item"><strong>depmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>depmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="devmem" class="item"><strong>devmem</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>devmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]</p>
<p>Read/write from physical address</p>
<pre>
        ADDRESS Address to act upon
        WIDTH   Width (8/16/...)
        VALUE   Data to be written</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="df" class="item"><strong>df</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>df [-Pkmhai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]...</p>
<p>Print filesystem usage statistics</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -P      POSIX output format
        -k      1024-byte blocks (default)
        -m      1M-byte blocks
        -h      Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
        -a      Show all filesystems
        -i      Inodes
        -B SIZE Blocksize</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dhcprelay" class="item"><strong>dhcprelay</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2]... SERVER_IFACE [SERVER_IP]</p>
<p>Relay DHCP requests between clients and server</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="diff" class="item"><strong>diff</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2</p>
<p>Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
This implementation supports unified diffs only.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Treat all files as text
        -b      Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
        -B      Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
        -d      Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
        -i      Ignore case differences
        -L      Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
        -N      Treat absent files as empty
        -q      Output only whether files differ
        -r      Recurse
        -S      Start with FILE when comparing directories
        -T      Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
        -s      Report when two files are the same
        -t      Expand tabs to spaces in output
        -U      Output LINES lines of context
        -w      Ignore all whitespace</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dirname" class="item"><strong>dirname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dirname FILENAME</p>
<p>Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dmesg" class="item"><strong>dmesg</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]</p>
<p>Print or control the kernel ring buffer</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c              Clear ring buffer after printing
        -n LEVEL        Set console logging level
        -s SIZE         Buffer size</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dnsd" class="item"><strong>dnsd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]</p>
<p>Small static DNS server daemon</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c FILE Config file
        -t SEC  TTL
        -p PORT Listen on PORT
        -i ADDR Listen on ADDR
        -d      Daemonize
        -v      Verbose
        -s      Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
                to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
                        nameserver DNSD_SERVER
                        nameserver NORNAL_DNS_SERVER</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dos2unix" class="item"><strong>dos2unix</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dos2unix [OPTIONS] [FILE]</p>
<p>Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -u      dos2unix
        -d      unix2dos</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="du" class="item"><strong>du</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory.
Disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Show file sizes too
        -L      Follow all symlinks
        -H      Follow symlinks on command line
        -d N    Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth &lt; N
        -c      Show grand total
        -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
        -s      Display only a total for each argument
        -x      Skip directories on different filesystems
        -h      Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
        -m      Sizes in megabytes
        -k      Sizes in kilobytes (default)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dumpkmap" class="item"><strong>dumpkmap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dumpkmap &gt; keymap</p>
<p>Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="echo" class="item"><strong>echo</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>echo [-neE] [ARG]...</p>
<p>Print the specified ARGs to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n      Suppress trailing newline
        -e      Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab)
        -E      Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ed" class="item"><strong>ed</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ed</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="env" class="item"><strong>env</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up
the specified environment</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -, -i   Start with an empty environment
        -u      Remove variable from the environment</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ether_wake" class="item"><strong>ether-wake</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ether-wake [-b] [-i iface] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]] MAC</p>
<p>Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines.
MAC must be a station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or
a hostname with a known 'ethers' entry.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b              Send wake-up packet to the broadcast address
        -i iface        Interface to use (default eth0)
        -p pass         Append four or six byte password PW to the packet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="expand" class="item"><strong>expand</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -i,--initial    Don't convert tabs after non blanks
        -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="expr" class="item"><strong>expr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>expr EXPRESSION</p>
<p>Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout</p>
<p>EXPRESSION may be:</p>
<pre>
        ARG1 | ARG2     ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
        ARG1 &amp; ARG2     ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
        ARG1 &lt; ARG2     1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
        ARG1 &lt;= ARG2
        ARG1 = ARG2
        ARG1 != ARG2
        ARG1 &gt;= ARG2
        ARG1 &gt; ARG2
        ARG1 + ARG2     Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
        ARG1 - ARG2
        ARG1 * ARG2
        ARG1 / ARG2
        ARG1 % ARG2
        STRING : REGEXP         Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
        match STRING REGEXP     Same as STRING : REGEXP
        substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
        index STRING CHARS      Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
        length STRING           Length of STRING
        quote TOKEN             Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
                                it is a keyword like 'match' or an
                                operator like '/'
        (EXPRESSION)            Value of EXPRESSION</pre>
<p>Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
\( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
of characters matched or 0.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fakeidentd" class="item"><strong>fakeidentd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fakeidentd [-fiw] [-b ADDR] [STRING]</p>
<p>Provide fake ident (auth) service</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f      Run in foreground
        -i      Inetd mode
        -w      Inetd 'wait' mode
        -b ADDR Bind to specified address
        STRING  Ident answer string (default: nobody)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="false" class="item"><strong>false</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>false</p>
<p>Return an exit code of FALSE (1)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fbset" class="item"><strong>fbset</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]</p>
<p>Show and modify frame buffer settings</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fbsplash" class="item"><strong>fbsplash</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fbsplash -s IMGFILE [-c] [-d DEV] [-i INIFILE] [-f CMD]</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Image
        -c      Hide cursor
        -d      Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
        -i      Config file (var=value):
                        BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
                        BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B
        -f      Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
                        commands: 'NN' (% for progress bar) or 'exit'</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fdflush" class="item"><strong>fdflush</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fdflush DEVICE</p>
<p>Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fgconsole" class="item"><strong>fgconsole</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fgconsole</p>
<p>Get active console</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="find" class="item"><strong>find</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]</p>
<p>Search for files. The default PATH is the current directory,
default EXPRESSION is '-print'</p>
<p>EXPRESSION may consist of:</p>
<pre>
        -follow         Follow symlinks
        -xdev           Don't descend directories on other filesystems
        -maxdepth N     Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
                        tests/actions to command line arguments only
        -mindepth N     Don't act on first N levels
        -name PATTERN   File name (w/o directory name) matches PATTERN
        -iname PATTERN  Case insensitive -name
        -path PATTERN   Path matches PATTERN
        -regex PATTERN  Path matches regex PATTERN
        -type X         File type is X (X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
        -perm NNN       Permissions match any of (+NNN), all of (-NNN),
                        or exactly NNN
        -mtime DAYS     Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N days
        -mmin MINS      Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N minutes
        -newer FILE     Modified time is more recent than FILE's
        -inum N         File has inode number N
        -user NAME      File is owned by user NAME (numeric user ID allowed)
        -group NAME     File belongs to group NAME (numeric group ID allowed)
        -depth          Process directory name after traversing it
        -size N[bck]    File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
                        +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
        -links N        Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N
        -print          Print (default and assumed)
        -print0         Delimit output with null characters rather than
                        newlines
        -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by the
                        matching files
        -prune          Stop traversing current subtree
        -delete         Delete files, turns on -depth option
        (EXPR)          Group an expression</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="findfs" class="item"><strong>findfs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid</p>
<p>Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="flock" class="item"><strong>flock</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>flock [-sxun] FD|{FILE [-c] PROG ARGS}</p>
<p>[Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Shared lock
        -x      Exclusive lock (default)
        -u      Unlock FD
        -n      Fail rather than wait</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fold" class="item"><strong>fold</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b      Count bytes rather than columns
        -s      Break at spaces
        -w      Use WIDTH columns instead of 80</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="free" class="item"><strong>free</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>free</p>
<p>Display the amount of free and used system memory</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="freeramdisk" class="item"><strong>freeramdisk</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>freeramdisk DEVICE</p>
<p>Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fsck" class="item"><strong>fsck</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fsck [-ANPRTV] [-C FD] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...</p>
<p>Check and repair filesystems</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -A      Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
        -N      Don't execute, just show what would be done
        -P      With -A, check filesystems in parallel
        -R      With -A, skip the root filesystem
        -T      Don't show title on startup
        -V      Verbose
        -C n    Write status information to specified filedescriptor
        -t TYPE List of filesystem types to check</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fsync" class="item"><strong>fsync</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fsync [OPTIONS] FILE...</p>
<p>Write files' buffered blocks to disk</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Avoid syncing metadata</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ftpget" class="item"><strong>ftpget</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE</p>
<p>Retrieve a remote file via FTP</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c,--continue   Continue previous transfer
        -v,--verbose    Verbose
        -u,--username   Username
        -p,--password   Password
        -P,--port       Port number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ftpput" class="item"><strong>ftpput</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE</p>
<p>Store a local file on a remote machine via FTP</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -v,--verbose    Verbose
        -u,--username   Username
        -p,--password   Password
        -P,--port       Port number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fuser" class="item"><strong>fuser</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fuser [OPTIONS] FILE or PORT/PROTO</p>
<p>Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m      Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
        -4      Search only IPv4 space
        -6      Search only IPv6 space
        -s      Don't display PIDs
        -k      Kill found processes
        -SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="getopt" class="item"><strong>getopt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>getopt [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a,--alternative                Allow long options starting with single -
        -l,--longoptions=longopts       Long options to be recognized
        -n,--name=progname              The name under which errors are reported
        -o,--options=optstring          Short options to be recognized
        -q,--quiet                      Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
        -Q,--quiet-output               No normal output
        -s,--shell=shell                Set shell quoting conventions
        -T,--test                       Test for getopt(1) version
        -u,--unquoted                   Don't quote the output</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="getty" class="item"><strong>getty</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE TTY [TERMTYPE]</p>
<p>Open a tty, prompt for a login name, then invoke /bin/login</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -h              Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control
        -i              Don't display /etc/issue before running login
        -L              Local line, don't do carrier detect
        -m              Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
        -w              Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
        -n              Don't prompt the user for a login name
        -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
        -l LOGIN        Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
        -t SEC          Terminate after SEC if no username is read
        -I INITSTR      Send INITSTR before anything else
        -H HOST         Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="grep" class="item"><strong>grep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFE] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f FILE [FILE]...</p>
<p>Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -H      Add 'filename:' prefix
        -h      Do not add 'filename:' prefix
        -n      Add 'line_no:' prefix
        -l      Show only names of files that match
        -L      Show only names of files that don't match
        -c      Show only count of matching lines
        -o      Show only the matching part of line
        -q      Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
        -v      Select non-matching lines
        -s      Suppress open and read errors
        -r      Recurse
        -i      Ignore case
        -w      Match whole words only
        -F      PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
        -E      PATTERN is an extended regexp
        -m N    Match up to N times per file
        -A N    Print N lines of trailing context
        -B N    Print N lines of leading context
        -C N    Same as '-A N -B N'
        -e PTRN Pattern to match
        -f FILE Read pattern from file</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="gunzip" class="item"><strong>gunzip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>gunzip [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force
        -t      Test file integrity</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="gzip" class="item"><strong>gzip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>gzip [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Compress FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="halt" class="item"><strong>halt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>halt [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] [-w]</p>
<p>Halt the system</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Delay interval for halting
        -n      No call to sync()
        -f      Force halt (don't go through init)
        -w      Only write a wtmp record</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hd" class="item"><strong>hd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hd FILE...</p>
<p>hd is an alias for hexdump -C</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="head" class="item"><strong>head</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>head [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n N[kbm]       Print first N lines
        -c N[kbm]       Print first N bytes
        -q              Never print headers
        -v              Always print headers</pre>
<p>N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hexdump" class="item"><strong>hexdump</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hexdump [-bcCdefnosvxR] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b              One-byte octal display
        -c              One-byte character display
        -C              Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
        -d              Two-byte decimal display
        -e FORMAT STRING
        -f FORMAT FILE
        -n LENGTH       Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input
        -o              Two-byte octal display
        -s OFFSET       Skip OFFSET bytes
        -v              Display all input data
        -x              Two-byte hexadecimal display
        -R              Reverse of 'hexdump -Cv'</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hostid" class="item"><strong>hostid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hostid</p>
<p>Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hostname" class="item"><strong>hostname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]</p>
<p>Get or set hostname or DNS domain name</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Short
        -i      Addresses for the hostname
        -d      DNS domain name
        -f      Fully qualified domain name
        -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="httpd" class="item"><strong>httpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r REALM] [-h HOME]
or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING</p>
<p>Listen for incoming HTTP requests</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -i              Inetd mode
        -f              Don't daemonize
        -v[v]           Verbose
        -p [IP:]PORT    Bind to ip:port (default *:80)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid/gid after binding to port
        -r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
        -h HOME         Home directory (default .)
        -c FILE         Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
        -m STRING       MD5 crypt STRING
        -e STRING       HTML encode STRING
        -d STRING       URL decode STRING</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hwclock" class="item"><strong>hwclock</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [-l|--localtime] [-u|--utc] [-f FILE]</p>
<p>Query and set hardware clock (RTC)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Show hardware clock time
        -s      Set system time from hardware clock
        -w      Set hardware clock to system time
        -u      Hardware clock is in UTC
        -l      Hardware clock is in local time
        -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="id" class="item"><strong>id</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>id [OPTIONS] [USER]</p>
<p>Print information about USER or the current user</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -u      Print user ID
        -g      Print group ID
        -G      Print supplementary group IDs
        -n      Print name instead of a number
        -r      Print real user ID instead of effective ID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifconfig" class="item"><strong>ifconfig</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifconfig [-a] interface [address]</p>
<p>Configure a network interface</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
        [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
        [hw ether ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
        [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
        [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
        [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
        [up|down] ...</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifdown" class="item"><strong>ifdown</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifdown [-ainmvf] ifaces...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
        -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
        -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                (note: doesn't disable mappings)
        -m      Don't run any mappings
        -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
        -f      Force de/configuration</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifup" class="item"><strong>ifup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifup [-ainmvf] IFACE...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
        -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
        -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                (note: doesn't disable mappings)
        -m      Don't run any mappings
        -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
        -f      Force de/configuration</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="inetd" class="item"><strong>inetd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>inetd [-fe] [-q N] [-R N] [CONFFILE]</p>
<p>Listen for network connections and launch programs</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f      Run in foreground
        -e      Log to stderr
        -q N    Socket listen queue (default: 128)
        -R N    Pause services after N connects/min
                (default: 0 - disabled)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="init" class="item"><strong>init</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>init</p>
<p>Init is the parent of all processes</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="insmod" class="item"><strong>insmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>insmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="install" class="item"><strong>install</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [SOURCE]... DEST</p>
<p>Copy files and set attributes</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Just copy (default)
        -d      Create directories
        -D      Create leading target directories
        -s      Strip symbol table
        -p      Preserve date
        -o USER Set ownership
        -g GRP  Set group ownership
        -m MODE Set permissions</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ionice" class="item"><strong>ionice</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-p PID] [PROG]</p>
<p>Change I/O priority and class</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle
        -n      Priority</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ip" class="item"><strong>ip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ip [OPTIONS] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {COMMAND}</p>
<p>ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND}
where OBJECT := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule}
OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | -o[neline] }</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipaddr" class="item"><strong>ipaddr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>ipaddr { {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING | {show|flush}
<tr><td><td>[dev STRING] [to PREFIX] }</table></p>
<p>ipaddr {add|delete} IFADDR dev STRING
ipaddr {show|flush} [dev STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID]
	[to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
	IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX
	[broadcast ADDR] [anycast ADDR]
	[label STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID]
	SCOPE-ID := [host | link | global | NUMBER]</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipcalc" class="item"><strong>ipcalc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [NETMASK]</p>
<p>Calculate IP network settings from a IP address</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b,--broadcast  Display calculated broadcast address
        -n,--network    Display calculated network address
        -m,--netmask    Display default netmask for IP
        -p,--prefix     Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
        -h,--hostname   Display first resolved host name
        -s,--silent     Don't ever display error messages</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipcrm" class="item"><strong>ipcrm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ipcrm [-MQS key] [-mqs id]</p>
<p>Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value.
Lower-case options remove an object by shmid value.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -mM     Remove memory segment after last detach
        -qQ     Remove message queue
        -sS     Remove semaphore</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipcs" class="item"><strong>ipcs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ipcs [[-smq] -i shmid] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]</p>
<pre>
        -i      Show specific resource
Resource specification:</pre>
<pre>
        -m      Shared memory segments
        -q      Message queues
        -s      Semaphore arrays
        -a      All (default)
Output format:</pre>
<pre>
        -t      Time
        -c      Creator
        -p      Pid
        -l      Limits
        -u      Summary</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iplink" class="item"><strong>iplink</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>iplink { set DEVICE { up | down | arp { on | off } | show [DEVICE] }</p>
<p>iplink set DEVICE { up | down | arp | multicast { on | off } |
			dynamic { on | off } |
			mtu MTU }
iplink show [DEVICE]</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iproute" class="item"><strong>iproute</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iproute { list | flush | { add | del | change | append |
<tr><td><td>replace | monitor } ROUTE }</table></p>
<p>iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR
iproute get ADDRESS [from ADDRESS iif STRING]
			[oif STRING]  [tos TOS]
iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | monitor } ROUTE
			SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO]
			ROUTE := [TYPE] PREFIX [tos TOS] [proto RTPROTO]
				[metric METRIC]</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iprule" class="item"><strong>iprule</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>iprule {[list | add | del] RULE}</p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iprule [list | add | del] SELECTOR ACTION
<tr><td><td>SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK]
<tr><td><td>[dev STRING] [pref NUMBER]
<tr><td><td>ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDRESS]
<tr><td><td>[prohibit | reject | unreachable]
<tr><td><td>[realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
<tr><td><td>TABLE_ID := [local | main | default | NUMBER]</table></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iptunnel" class="item"><strong>iptunnel</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME]
<tr><td><td>[mode { ipip | gre | sit }]
<tr><td><td>[remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]</table></p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME]
<tr><td><td>[mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR]
<tr><td><td>[[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum]
<tr><td><td>[ttl TTL] [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]</table></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="kbd_mode" class="item"><strong>kbd_mode</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>kbd_mode [-a|k|s|u] [-C TTY]</p>
<p>Report or set the keyboard mode</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Default (ASCII)
        -k      Medium-raw (keyboard)
        -s      Raw (scancode)
        -u      Unicode (utf-8)
        -C TTY  Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="kill" class="item"><strong>kill</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...</p>
<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signal names and numbers</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="killall" class="item"><strong>killall</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...</p>
<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signal names and numbers
        -q      Don't complain if no processes were killed</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="killall5" class="item"><strong>killall5</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...</p>
<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current session</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signal names and numbers
        -o PID  Don't signal this PID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="klogd" class="item"><strong>klogd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>klogd [-c N] [-n]</p>
<p>Kernel logger</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c N    Only messages with level &lt; N are printed to console
        -n      Run in foreground</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="last" class="item"><strong>last</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>last [-HW] [-f FILE]</p>
<p>Show listing of the last users that logged into the system</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -W      Display with no host column truncation
        -f FILE Read from FILE instead of /var/log/wtmp</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="length" class="item"><strong>length</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>length STRING</p>
<p>Print STRING's length</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="less" class="item"><strong>less</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>less [-EMNmh~I?] [FILE]...</p>
<p>View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -E      Quit once the end of a file is reached
        -M,-m   Display status line with line numbers
                and percentage through the file
        -N      Prefix line number to each line
        -I      Ignore case in all searches
        -~      Suppress ~s displayed past the end of the file</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ln" class="item"><strong>ln</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR</p>
<p>Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
        -f      Remove existing destinations
        -n      Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
        -b      Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
        -S suf  Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="loadfont" class="item"><strong>loadfont</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>loadfont &lt; font</p>
<p>Load a console font from stdin</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="loadkmap" class="item"><strong>loadkmap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>loadkmap &lt; keymap</p>
<p>Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="logger" class="item"><strong>logger</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE]</p>
<p>Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
        -t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
        -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="login" class="item"><strong>login</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]</p>
<p>Begin a new session on the system</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f      Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
        -h      Name of the remote host
        -p      Preserve environment</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="logname" class="item"><strong>logname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>logname</p>
<p>Print the name of the current user</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="logread" class="item"><strong>logread</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>logread [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f      Output data as log grows</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="losetup" class="item"><strong>losetup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>losetup [-o OFS] LOOPDEV FILE - associate loop devices
<tr><td><td>losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate
<tr><td><td>losetup [-f] - show</table></p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -o OFS  Start OFS bytes into FILE
        -f      Show first free loop device</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ls" class="item"><strong>ls</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ls [-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhk] [FILE]...</p>
<p>List directory contents</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -1      List in a single column
        -A      Don't list . and ..
        -a      Don't hide entries starting with .
        -C      List by columns
        -c      With -l: sort by ctime
        --color[={always,never,auto}]   Control coloring
        -d      List directory entries instead of contents
        -e      List full date and time
        -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
        -i      List inode numbers
        -l      Long listing format
        -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
        -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
        -L      List entries pointed to by symlinks
        -R      Recurse
        -r      Sort in reverse order
        -S      Sort by file size
        -s      List the size of each file, in blocks
        -T N    Assume tabstop every N columns
        -t      With -l: sort by modification time
        -u      With -l: sort by access time
        -v      Sort by version
        -w N    Assume the terminal is N columns wide
        -x      List by lines
        -X      Sort by extension
        -h      List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lsattr" class="item"><strong>lsattr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lsattr [-Radlv] [FILE]...</p>
<p>List file attributes on an ext2 fs</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -a      Don't hide entries starting with .
        -d      List directory entries instead of contents
        -l      List long flag names
        -v      List the file's version/generation number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lsmod" class="item"><strong>lsmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lsmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzcat" class="item"><strong>lzcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzma" class="item"><strong>lzma</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzma -d [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzop" class="item"><strong>lzop</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzop [-cfvd123456789CF] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -1..9   Compression level
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force
        -v      Verbose
        -F      Don't store or verify checksum
        -C      Also write checksum of compressed block</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzopcat" class="item"><strong>lzopcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzopcat [-vCF] [FILE]...</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose
        -F      Don't store or verify checksum</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="md5sum" class="item"><strong>md5sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>md5sum [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
   or: md5sum [OPTIONS] -c [FILE]</p>
<p>Print or check MD5 checksums</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against given list
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mdev" class="item"><strong>mdev</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mdev [-s]</p>
<pre>
        -s      Scan /sys and populate /dev during system boot</pre>
<p>It can be run by kernel as a hotplug helper. To activate it:
 echo /sbin/mdev &gt; /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines
[-]DEVNAME UID:GID PERM [&gt;|=PATH] [@|$|*PROG]</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mesg" class="item"><strong>mesg</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mesg [y|n]</p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>Control write access to your terminal
<tr><td><td>y<td>Allow write access to your terminal
<tr><td><td>n<td>Disallow write access to your terminal</table></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="microcom" class="item"><strong>microcom</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>microcom [-d DELAY] [-t TIMEOUT] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY</p>
<p>Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every
                next byte to it
        -t      Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
        -s      Set serial line to SPEED
        -X      Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkdir" class="item"><strong>mkdir</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...</p>
<p>Create DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m      Mode
        -p      No error if exists; make parent directories as needed</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkdosfs" class="item"><strong>mkdosfs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<p>Make a FAT32 filesystem</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose
        -n LBL  Volume label</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mke2fs" class="item"><strong>mke2fs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<pre>
        -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
        -F              Force
        -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
        -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
        -L LBL          Volume label
        -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
        -n              Dry run</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkfifo" class="item"><strong>mkfifo</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkfifo [OPTIONS] name</p>
<p>Create named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m MODE Mode (default a=rw)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkfs_ext2" class="item"><strong>mkfs.ext2</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<pre>
        -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
        -F              Force
        -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
        -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
        -L LBL          Volume label
        -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
        -n              Dry run</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkfs_vfat" class="item"><strong>mkfs.vfat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<p>Make a FAT32 filesystem</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose
        -n LBL  Volume label</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mknod" class="item"><strong>mknod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR</p>
<p>Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
TYPEs include:</pre>
<pre>
        b:      Make a block device
        c or u: Make a character device
        p:      Make a named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkswap" class="item"><strong>mkswap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkswap [OPTIONS] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<p>Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -L LBL  Label</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mktemp" class="item"><strong>mktemp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]</p>
<p>Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its name.
TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Make a directory instead of a file
        -t      Generate a path rooted in temporary directory
        -p DIR  Use DIR as a temporary directory (implies -t)</pre>
<p>For -t or -p, directory is chosen as follows:
$TMPDIR if set, else -p DIR, else /tmp</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="modinfo" class="item"><strong>modinfo</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>modinfo [-adlp0] [-F keyword] MODULE</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a              Shortcut for '-F author'
        -d              Shortcut for '-F description'
        -l              Shortcut for '-F license'
        -p              Shortcut for '-F parm'
        -F keyword      Keyword to look for
        -0              Separate output with NULs</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="modprobe" class="item"><strong>modprobe</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>modprobe [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="more" class="item"><strong>more</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>more [FILE]...</p>
<p>View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mount" class="item"><strong>mount</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPTS] DEVICE NODE</p>
<p>Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a              Mount all filesystems in fstab
        -f              Dry run
        -r              Read-only mount
        -w              Read-write mount (default)
        -t FSTYPE       Filesystem type
        -O OPT          Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
-o OPT:
        loop            Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
        [a]sync         Writes are [a]synchronous
        [no]atime       Disable/enable updates to inode access times
        [no]diratime    Disable/enable atime updates to directories
        [no]relatime    Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
        [no]dev         (Dis)allow use of special device files
        [no]exec        (Dis)allow use of executable files
        [no]suid        (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
        [r]shared       Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
        [r]slave        Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
        [r]private      Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
        [un]bindable    Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
        bind            Bind a file or directory to another location
        move            Relocate an existing mount point
        remount         Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
        ro/rw           Same as -r/-w</pre>
<p>There are filesystem-specific -o flags.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mountpoint" class="item"><strong>mountpoint</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mountpoint [-q] &lt;[-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE&gt;</p>
<p>Check if the directory is a mountpoint</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -q      Quiet
        -d      Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
        -n      Print device name of the filesystem
        -x      Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mv" class="item"><strong>mv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mv [OPTIONS] SOURCE DEST
or: mv [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f      Don't prompt before overwriting
        -i      Interactive, prompt before overwrite</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nameif" class="item"><strong>nameif</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [{IFNAME MACADDR}]</p>
<p>Rename network interface while it in the down state</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c FILE         Use configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
        -s              Use syslog (LOCAL0 facility)
        IFNAME MACADDR  new_interface_name interface_mac_address</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="netstat" class="item"><strong>netstat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>netstat [-laentuwxrWp]</p>
<p>Display networking information</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      Display listening server sockets
        -a      Display all sockets (default: connected)
        -e      Display other/more information
        -n      Don't resolve names
        -t      Tcp sockets
        -u      Udp sockets
        -w      Raw sockets
        -x      Unix sockets
        -r      Display routing table
        -W      Display with no column truncation
        -p      Display PID/Program name for sockets</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nice" class="item"><strong>nice</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Change scheduling priority, run PROG</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n ADJUST       Adjust priority by ADJUST</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nmeter" class="item"><strong>nmeter</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nmeter format_string</p>
<p>Monitor system in real time</p>
<p>Format specifiers:</p>
<pre>
 %Nc or %[cN]   Monitor CPU. N - bar size, default 10
                (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
 %[niface]      Monitor network interface 'iface'
 %m             Monitor allocated memory
 %[mf]          Monitor free memory
 %[mt]          Monitor total memory
 %s             Monitor allocated swap
 %f             Monitor number of used file descriptors
 %Ni            Monitor total/specific IRQ rate
 %x             Monitor context switch rate
 %p             Monitor forks
 %[pn]          Monitor # of processes
 %b             Monitor block io
 %Nt            Show time (with N decimal points)
 %Nd            Milliseconds between updates (default:1000)
 %r             Print &lt;cr&gt; instead of &lt;lf&gt; at EOL</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nohup" class="item"><strong>nohup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nohup PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nslookup" class="item"><strong>nslookup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]</p>
<p>Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
optionally using a specified DNS server</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ntpd" class="item"><strong>ntpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ntpd [-dnqwl] [-S PROG] [-p PEER]...</p>
<p>NTP client/server</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Verbose
        -n      Do not daemonize
        -q      Quit after clock is set
        -w      Do not set time (only query peers), implies -n
        -l      Run as server on port 123
        -S PROG Run PROG after stepping time, stratum change, and every 11 mins
        -p PEER Obtain time from PEER (may be repeated)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="od" class="item"><strong>od</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>od [-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx] [FILE]</p>
<p>Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE
(or stdin) to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="openvt" class="item"><strong>openvt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Start PROG on a new virtual terminal</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c N    Use specified VT
        -s      Switch to the VT
        -w      Wait for PROG to exit</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="passwd" class="item"><strong>passwd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>passwd [OPTIONS] [USER]</p>
<p>Change USER's password. If no USER is specified,
changes the password for the current user.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Algorithm to use for password (des, md5)
        -d      Delete password for the account
        -l      Lock (disable) account
        -u      Unlock (re-enable) account</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="patch" class="item"><strong>patch</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]</p>
<pre>
        -p,--strip N    Strip N leading components from file names
        -i,--input DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
        -R,--reverse    Reverse patch
        -N,--forward    Ignore already applied patches
        --dry-run       Don't actually change files</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pgrep" class="item"><strong>pgrep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pgrep [-flnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]</p>
<p>Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      Show command name too
        -f      Match against entire command line
        -n      Show the newest process only
        -o      Show the oldest process only
        -v      Negate the match
        -x      Match whole name (not substring)
        -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
        -P      Match parent process ID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pidof" class="item"><strong>pidof</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pidof [OPTIONS] [NAME]...</p>
<p>List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Show only one PID
        -o PID  Omit given pid
                Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ping" class="item"><strong>ping</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ping [OPTIONS] HOST</p>
<p>Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -4, -6          Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
        -c CNT          Send only CNT pings
        -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56)
        -I IFACE/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
        -W SEC          Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10)
                        (after all -c CNT packets are sent)
        -w SEC          Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
                        (can exit earlier with -c CNT)
        -q              Quiet, only displays output at start
                        and when finished</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pivot_root" class="item"><strong>pivot_root</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD</p>
<p>Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT
the new root file system</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pkill" class="item"><strong>pkill</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-fnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]</p>
<p>Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex PATTERN</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signals
        -f      Match against entire command line
        -n      Signal the newest process only
        -o      Signal the oldest process only
        -v      Negate the match
        -x      Match whole name (not substring)
        -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
        -P      Match parent process ID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="poweroff" class="item"><strong>poweroff</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]</p>
<p>Halt and shut off power</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Delay interval for halting
        -n      Do not sync
        -f      Force power off (don't go through init)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="printenv" class="item"><strong>printenv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>printenv [VARIABLE]...</p>
<p>Print environment VARIABLEs.
If no VARIABLE specified, print all.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="printf" class="item"><strong>printf</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...</p>
<p>Format and print ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT,
where FORMAT controls the output exactly as in C printf</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ps" class="item"><strong>ps</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ps</p>
<p>Show list of processes</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        w       Wide output</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pscan" class="item"><strong>pscan</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT] HOST</p>
<p>Scan a host, print all open ports</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Show closed ports too
        -b      Show blocked ports too
        -p      Scan from this port (default 1)
        -P      Scan up to this port (default 1024)
        -t      Timeout (default 5000 ms)
        -T      Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pwd" class="item"><strong>pwd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pwd</p>
<p>Print the full filename of the current working directory</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rdate" class="item"><strong>rdate</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rdate [-sp] HOST</p>
<p>Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Set the system date and time (default)
        -p      Print the date and time</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rdev" class="item"><strong>rdev</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rdev</p>
<p>Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/'</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="readahead" class="item"><strong>readahead</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>readahead [FILE]...</p>
<p>Preload FILEs to RAM</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="readlink" class="item"><strong>readlink</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>readlink [-fnv] FILE</p>
<p>Display the value of a symlink</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f      Canonicalize by following all symlinks
        -n      Don't add newline
        -v      Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="readprofile" class="item"><strong>readprofile</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>readprofile [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m mapfile      (Default: /boot/System.map)
        -p profile      (Default: /proc/profile)
        -M NUM          Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
        -i              Print only info about the sampling step
        -v              Verbose
        -a              Print all symbols, even if count is 0
        -b              Print individual histogram-bin counts
        -s              Print individual counters within functions
        -r              Reset all the counters (root only)
        -n              Disable byte order auto-detection</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="realpath" class="item"><strong>realpath</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>realpath FILE...</p>
<p>Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="reboot" class="item"><strong>reboot</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]</p>
<p>Reboot the system</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Delay interval for rebooting
        -n      No call to sync()
        -f      Force reboot (don't go through init)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="renice" class="item"><strong>renice</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>renice {{-n INCREMENT} | PRIORITY} [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]</p>
<p>Change scheduling priority for a running process</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n      Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster)
        -p      Process id(s) (default)
        -g      Process group id(s)
        -u      Process user name(s) and/or id(s)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="reset" class="item"><strong>reset</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>reset</p>
<p>Reset the screen</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="resize" class="item"><strong>resize</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>resize</p>
<p>Resize the screen</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rfkill" class="item"><strong>rfkill</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rfkill COMMAND [INDEX|TYPE]</p>
<p>Enable/disable wireless devices</p>
<p>Commands:</p>
<pre>
        list [INDEX|TYPE]       List current state
        block INDEX|TYPE        Disable device
        unblock INDEX|TYPE      Enable device</pre>
<pre>
        TYPE: all, wlan(wifi), bluetooth, uwb(ultrawideband),
                wimax, wwan, gps, fm</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rm" class="item"><strong>rm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rm [OPTIONS] FILE...</p>
<p>Remove (unlink) FILEs</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -i      Always prompt before removing
        -f      Never prompt
        -R,-r   Recurse</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rmdir" class="item"><strong>rmdir</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...</p>
<p>Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -p|--parents    Include parents
        --ignore-fail-on-non-empty</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rmmod" class="item"><strong>rmmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rmmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="route" class="item"><strong>route</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>route [{add|del|delete}]</p>
<p>Edit kernel routing tables</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n      Don't resolve names
        -e      Display other/more information
        -A inet Select address family</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rtcwake" class="item"><strong>rtcwake</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rtcwake [-a | -l | -u] [-d DEV] [-m MODE] [-s SEC | -t TIME]</p>
<p>Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time</p>
<pre>
        -a,--auto       Read clock mode from adjtime
        -l,--local      Clock is set to local time
        -u,--utc        Clock is set to UTC time
        -d,--device=DEV Specify the RTC device
        -m,--mode=MODE  Set the sleep state (default: standby)
        -s,--seconds=SEC Set the timeout in SEC seconds from now
        -t,--time=TIME  Set the timeout to TIME seconds from epoch</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="run_parts" class="item"><strong>run-parts</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>run-parts [-t] [-l] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -t      Print what would be run, but don't actually run anything
        -a ARG  Pass ARG as argument for every program
        -u MASK Set the umask to MASK before running every program
        -l      Print names of all matching files even if they are not executable</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="runlevel" class="item"><strong>runlevel</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>runlevel [FILE]</p>
<p>Find the current and previous system runlevel</p>
<p>If no utmp FILE exists or if no runlevel record can be found,
print &quot;unknown&quot;</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rx" class="item"><strong>rx</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rx FILE</p>
<p>Receive a file using the xmodem protocol</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="script" class="item"><strong>script</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>script [-afqt] [-c PROG] [OUTFILE]</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Append output
        -c PROG Run PROG, not shell
        -f      Flush output after each write
        -q      Quiet
        -t      Send timing to stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="scriptreplay" class="item"><strong>scriptreplay</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>scriptreplay timingfile [typescript [divisor]]</p>
<p>Play back typescripts, using timing information</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sed" class="item"><strong>sed</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sed [-efinr] SED_CMD [FILE]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -e CMD  Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
        -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
        -i      Edit files in-place (else sends result to stdout)
        -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
        -r      Use extended regex syntax</pre>
<p>If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string.
Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="seq" class="item"><strong>seq</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST</p>
<p>Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC.
FIRST, INC default to 1.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -w      Pad to last with leading zeros
        -s SEP  String separator</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setconsole" class="item"><strong>setconsole</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setconsole [-r|--reset] [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Redirect system console output to DEVICE (default: /dev/tty)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Reset output to /dev/console</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setfont" class="item"><strong>setfont</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setfont FONT [-m MAPFILE] [-C TTY]</p>
<p>Load a console font</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m MAPFILE      Load console screen map
        -C TTY          Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setkeycodes" class="item"><strong>setkeycodes</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE...</p>
<p>Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.</p>
<p>SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal),
and KEYCODE is given in decimal.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setlogcons" class="item"><strong>setlogcons</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setlogcons N</p>
<p>Redirect the kernel output to console N (0 for current)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setsid" class="item"><strong>setsid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setsid PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc).
See <a href="#setsid"><code>setsid(2)</code></a> for details.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sha1sum" class="item"><strong>sha1sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sha1sum [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
   or: sha1sum [OPTIONS] -c [FILE]</p>
<p>Print or check SHA1 checksums</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against given list
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sha256sum" class="item"><strong>sha256sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sha256sum [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
   or: sha256sum [OPTIONS] -c [FILE]</p>
<p>Print or check SHA256 checksums</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against given list
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sha512sum" class="item"><strong>sha512sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sha512sum [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
   or: sha512sum [OPTIONS] -c [FILE]</p>
<p>Print or check SHA512 checksums</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against given list
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="showkey" class="item"><strong>showkey</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>showkey [-a | -k | -s]</p>
<p>Show keys pressed</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys
        -k      Display interpreted keycodes (default)
        -s      Display raw scan-codes</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sleep" class="item"><strong>sleep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sleep [N]...</p>
<p>Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="smemcap" class="item"><strong>smemcap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>smemcap &gt;SMEMDATA.TAR</p>
<p>Collect memory usage data in /proc and write it to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sort" class="item"><strong>sort</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sort [-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt] [-o FILE] [-k start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Sort lines of text</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b      Ignore leading blanks
        -c      Check whether input is sorted
        -d      Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
        -f      Ignore case
        -g      General numerical sort
        -i      Ignore unprintable characters
        -k      Sort key
        -M      Sort month
        -n      Sort numbers
        -o      Output to file
        -k      Sort by key
        -t CHAR Key separator
        -r      Reverse sort order
        -s      Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
        -u      Suppress duplicate lines
        -z      Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline
        -mST    Ignored for GNU compatibility</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="split" class="item"><strong>split</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>split [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b n[k|m]       Split by bytes
        -l n            Split by lines
        -a n            Use n letters as suffix</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="start_stop_daemon" class="item"><strong>start-stop-daemon</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]</p>
<p>Search for matching processes, and then
-K: stop all matching processes.
-S: start a process unless a matching process is found.</p>
<p>Process matching:</p>
<pre>
        -u,--user USERNAME|UID  Match only this user's processes
        -n,--name NAME          Match processes with NAME
                                in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
        -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Match processes with this command
                                in /proc/PID/cmdline
        -p,--pidfile FILE       Match a process with PID from the file
        All specified conditions must match
-S only:
        -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Program to run
        -a,--startas NAME       Zeroth argument
        -b,--background         Background
        -N,--nicelevel N        Change nice level
        -c,--chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group
        -m,--make-pidfile       Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p
-K only:
        -s,--signal SIG         Signal to send
        -t,--test               Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found
Other:</pre>
<pre>
        -o,--oknodo             Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
        -v,--verbose            Verbose
        -q,--quiet              Quiet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="stat" class="item"><strong>stat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>stat [OPTIONS] FILE...</p>
<p>Display file (default) or filesystem status</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c fmt  Use the specified format
        -f      Display filesystem status
        -L      Follow links
        -t      Display info in terse form</pre>
<p>Valid format sequences for files:</p>
<pre>
 %a     Access rights in octal
 %A     Access rights in human readable form
 %b     Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
 %B     The size in bytes of each block reported by %b
 %d     Device number in decimal
 %D     Device number in hex
 %f     Raw mode in hex
 %F     File type
 %g     Group ID of owner
 %G     Group name of owner
 %h     Number of hard links
 %i     Inode number
 %n     File name
 %N     File name, with -&gt; TARGET if symlink
 %o     I/O block size
 %s     Total size, in bytes
 %t     Major device type in hex
 %T     Minor device type in hex
 %u     User ID of owner
 %U     User name of owner
 %x     Time of last access
 %X     Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
 %y     Time of last modification
 %Y     Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
 %z     Time of last change
 %Z     Time of last change as seconds since Epoch</pre>
<p>Valid format sequences for file systems:</p>
<pre>
 %a     Free blocks available to non-superuser
 %b     Total data blocks in file system
 %c     Total file nodes in file system
 %d     Free file nodes in file system
 %f     Free blocks in file system
 %i     File System ID in hex
 %l     Maximum length of filenames
 %n     File name
 %s     Block size (for faster transfer)
 %S     Fundamental block size (for block counts)
 %t     Type in hex
 %T     Type in human readable form</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="strings" class="item"><strong>strings</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>strings [-afo] [-n LEN] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Display printable strings in a binary file</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Scan whole file (default)
        -f      Precede strings with filenames
        -n LEN  At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
        -o      Precede strings with decimal offsets</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="stty" class="item"><strong>stty</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...</p>
<p>Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline,
and deviations from stty sane</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -F DEVICE       Open device instead of stdin
        -a              Print all current settings in human-readable form
        -g              Print in stty-readable form
        [SETTING]       See manpage</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="su" class="item"><strong>su</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>su [OPTIONS] [-] [USERNAME]</p>
<p>Change user id or become root</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -p,-m   Preserve environment
        -c CMD  Command to pass to 'sh -c'
        -s SH   Shell to use instead of default shell</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sulogin" class="item"><strong>sulogin</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sulogin [-t N] [TTY]</p>
<p>Single user login</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -t N    Timeout</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sum" class="item"><strong>sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sum [-rs] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Checksum and count the blocks in a file</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
        -s      Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="swapoff" class="item"><strong>swapoff</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Stop swapping on DEVICE</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="swapon" class="item"><strong>swapon</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>swapon [-a] [-p PRI] [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Start swapping on DEVICE</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
        -p PRI  Set swap device priority</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="switch_root" class="item"><strong>switch_root</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]</p>
<p>Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:</p>
<p>chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /,
execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sync" class="item"><strong>sync</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sync</p>
<p>Write all buffered blocks to disk</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sysctl" class="item"><strong>sysctl</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sysctl [OPTIONS] [VALUE]...</p>
<p>Configure kernel parameters at runtime</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n      Don't print key names
        -e      Don't warn about unknown keys
        -w      Change sysctl setting
        -p FILE Load sysctl settings from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
        -a      Display all values
        -A      Display all values in table form</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="syslogd" class="item"><strong>syslogd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>syslogd [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>System logging utility.
This version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n              Run in foreground
        -O FILE         Log to given file (default:/var/log/messages)
        -l N            Set local log level
        -S              Smaller logging output
        -s SIZE         Max size (KB) before rotate (default:200KB, 0=off)
        -b N            N rotated logs to keep (default:1, max=99, 0=purge)
        -R HOST[:PORT]  Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
        -L              Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
        -D              Drop duplicates
        -C[size(KiB)]   Log to shared mem buffer (read it using logread)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tac" class="item"><strong>tac</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tac [FILE]...</p>
<p>Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tail" class="item"><strong>tail</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f              Print data as file grows
        -s SECONDS      Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
        -n N[kbm]       Print last N lines
        -c N[kbm]       Print last N bytes
        -q              Never print headers
        -v              Always print headers</pre>
<p>N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).
If N starts with a '+', output begins with the Nth item from the start
of each file, not from the end.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tar" class="item"><strong>tar</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tar -[cxtzjaZmvO] [-X FILE] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Create, extract, or list files from a tar file</p>
<p>Operation:</p>
<pre>
        c       Create
        x       Extract
        t       List
Options:</pre>
<pre>
        f       Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
        C       Change to DIR before operation
        v       Verbose
        z       (De)compress using gzip
        j       (De)compress using bzip2
        a       (De)compress using lzma
        Z       (De)compress using compress
        O       Extract to stdout
        h       Follow symlinks
        m       Don't restore mtime
        exclude File to exclude
        X       File with names to exclude
        T       File with names to include</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tcpsvd" class="item"><strong>tcpsvd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG</p>
<p>Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen
for incoming connection. Run PROG for each connection.</p>
<pre>
        IP              IP to listen on. '0' = all
        PORT            Port to listen on
        PROG ARGS       Program to run
        -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
        -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
        -b N            Allow a backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs
        -C N[:MSG]      Allow only up to N connections from the same IP
                        New connections from this IP address are closed
                        immediately. MSG is written to the peer before close
        -h              Look up peer's hostname
        -E              Don't set up environment variables
        -v              Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tee" class="item"><strong>tee</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tee [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
        -i      Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="telnet" class="item"><strong>telnet</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]</p>
<p>Connect to telnet server</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Automatic login with $USER variable
        -l USER Automatic login as USER</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="telnetd" class="item"><strong>telnetd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>telnetd [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Handle incoming telnet connections</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l LOGIN        Exec LOGIN on connect
        -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
        -K              Close connection as soon as login exits
                        (normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
        -p PORT         Port to listen on
        -b ADDR[:PORT]  Address to bind to
        -F              Run in foreground
        -i              Inetd mode
        -w SEC          Inetd 'wait' mode, linger time SEC
        -S              Log to syslog (implied by -i or without -F and -w)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="test" class="item"><strong>test</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>test EXPRESSION ]</p>
<p>Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code
depending on logical value of EXPRESSION</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tftp" class="item"><strong>tftp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]</p>
<p>Transfer a file from/to tftp server</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l FILE Local FILE
        -r FILE Remote FILE
        -g      Get file
        -p      Put file
        -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tftpd" class="item"><strong>tftpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tftpd [-cr] [-u USER] [DIR]</p>
<p>Transfer a file on tftp client's request</p>
<p>tftpd should be used as an inetd service.
tftpd's line for inetd.conf:
	69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd /files/to/serve
It also can be ran from udpsvd:</p>
<pre>
        udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve</pre>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -r      Prohibit upload
        -c      Allow file creation via upload
        -u      Access files as USER</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="time" class="item"><strong>time</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>time [OPTIONS] PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="timeout" class="item"><strong>timeout</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>timeout [-t SECS] [-s SIG] PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds.
Defaults: SECS: 10, SIG: TERM.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="top" class="item"><strong>top</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] [-m]</p>
<p>Provide a view of process activity in real time.
Read the status of all processes from /proc each SECONDS
and display a screenful of them.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="touch" class="item"><strong>touch</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>touch [-c] [-d DATE] FILE [FILE]...</p>
<p>Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s]</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Don't create files
        -d DT   Date/time to use</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tr" class="item"><strong>tr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]</p>
<p>Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Take complement of STRING1
        -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
        -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="traceroute" class="item"><strong>traceroute</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>traceroute [-FIldnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-p PORT] [-q PROBES]
<tr><td><td>[-s SRC_IP] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-g GATEWAY] [-i IFACE]
<tr><td><td>[-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST [BYTES]</table></p>
<p>Trace the route to HOST</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -F      Set the don't fragment bit
        -I      Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
        -l      Display the TTL value of the returned packet
        -d      Set SO_DEBUG options to socket
        -n      Print numeric addresses
        -r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
        -v      Verbose
        -m      Max time-to-live (max number of hops)
        -p      Base UDP port number used in probes
                (default 33434)
        -q      Number of probes per TTL (default 3)
        -s      IP address to use as the source address
        -t      Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
        -w      Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3)
        -g      Loose source route gateway (8 max)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="true" class="item"><strong>true</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>true</p>
<p>Return an exit code of TRUE (0)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tty" class="item"><strong>tty</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tty</p>
<p>Print file name of stdin's terminal</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Print nothing, only return exit status</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ttysize" class="item"><strong>ttysize</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ttysize [w] [h]</p>
<p>Print dimension(s) of stdin's terminal, on error return 80x25</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tune2fs" class="item"><strong>tune2fs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tune2fs [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV</p>
<p>Adjust filesystem options on ext[23] filesystems</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubiattach" class="item"><strong>ubiattach</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubiattach -m MTD_NUM [-d UBI_NUM] UBI_CTRL_DEV</p>
<p>Attach MTD device to UBI</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m MTD_NUM      MTD device number to attach
        -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number to assign</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubidetach" class="item"><strong>ubidetach</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubidetach -d UBI_NUM UBI_CTRL_DEV</p>
<p>Detach MTD device from UBI</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="udhcpc" class="item"><strong>udhcpc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>udhcpc [-fbnqvoCR] [-i IFACE] [-r IP] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE]
<tr><td><td>[-H HOSTNAME] [-c CID] [-V VENDOR] [-O DHCP_OPT]... [-P N]</table></p>
<pre>
        -i,--interface IFACE    Interface to use (default eth0)
        -p,--pidfile FILE       Create pidfile
        -r,--request IP         IP address to request
        -s,--script PROG        Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
        -t,--retries N          Send up to N discover packets
        -T,--timeout N          Pause between packets (default 3 seconds)
        -A,--tryagain N         Wait N seconds after failure (default 20)
        -f,--foreground         Run in foreground
        -b,--background         Background if lease is not obtained
        -S,--syslog             Log to syslog too
        -n,--now                Exit if lease is not obtained
        -q,--quit               Exit after obtaining lease
        -R,--release            Release IP on exit
        -P,--client-port N      Use port N (default 68)
        -a,--arping             Use arping to validate offered address
        -O,--request-option OPT Request DHCP option OPT (cumulative)
        -o,--no-default-options Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
        -x OPT:VAL              Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
        -F,--fqdn NAME          Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
        -H,-h,--hostname NAME   Send NAME as client hostname (default none)
        -V,--vendorclass VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
        -c,--clientid CLIENTID  Client identifier (default own MAC)
        -C,--clientid-none      Don't send client identifier</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="udhcpd" class="item"><strong>udhcpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>udhcpd [-fS] [-P N] [configfile]</p>
<p>DHCP server</p>
<pre>
        -f      Run in foreground
        -S      Log to syslog too
        -P N    Use port N (default 67)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="udpsvd" class="item"><strong>udpsvd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>udpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG</p>
<p>Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait
for incoming packets. Run PROG for each packet,
redirecting all further packets with same peer ip:port to it.</p>
<pre>
        IP              IP to listen on. '0' = all
        PORT            Port to listen on
        PROG ARGS       Program to run
        -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
        -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
        -h              Look up peer's hostname
        -E              Don't set up environment variables
        -v              Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="umount" class="item"><strong>umount</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Unmount file systems</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Unmount all file systems
        -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
        -l      Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
        -f      Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
        -d      Free loop device if it has been used</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uname" class="item"><strong>uname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uname [-amnrspv]</p>
<p>Print system information</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Print all
        -m      The machine (hardware) type
        -n      Hostname
        -r      OS release
        -s      OS name (default)
        -p      Processor type
        -v      OS version</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unexpand" class="item"><strong>unexpand</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a,--all        Convert all blanks
        -f,--first-only Convert only leading blanks
        -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uniq" class="item"><strong>uniq</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]]</p>
<p>Discard duplicate lines</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
        -d      Only print duplicate lines
        -u      Only print unique lines
        -f N    Skip first N fields
        -s N    Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
        -w N    Compare N characters in line</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unix2dos" class="item"><strong>unix2dos</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unix2dos [OPTIONS] [FILE]</p>
<p>Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -u      dos2unix
        -d      unix2dos</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unlzma" class="item"><strong>unlzma</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unlzma [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unlzop" class="item"><strong>unlzop</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unlzop [-cfvCF] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force
        -v      Verbose
        -F      Don't store or verify checksum</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unxz" class="item"><strong>unxz</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unxz [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unzip" class="item"><strong>unzip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unzip [-opts[modifiers]] FILE[.zip] [LIST] [-x XLIST] [-d DIR]</p>
<p>Extract files from ZIP archives</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -l      List archive contents (with -q for short form)
        -n      Never overwrite files (default)
        -o      Overwrite
        -p      Send output to stdout
        -q      Quiet
        -x XLST Exclude these files
        -d DIR  Extract files into DIR</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uptime" class="item"><strong>uptime</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uptime</p>
<p>Display the time since the last boot</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="usleep" class="item"><strong>usleep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>usleep N</p>
<p>Pause for N microseconds</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uudecode" class="item"><strong>uudecode</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]</p>
<p>Uudecode a file
Finds outfile name in uuencoded source unless -o is given</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uuencode" class="item"><strong>uuencode</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uuencode [-m] [INFILE] STORED_FILENAME</p>
<p>Uuencode a file to stdout</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -m      Use base64 encoding per RFC1521</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="vconfig" class="item"><strong>vconfig</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Create and remove virtual ethernet devices</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        add             [interface-name] [vlan_id]
        rem             [vlan-name]
        set_flag        [interface-name] [flag-num] [0 | 1]
        set_egress_map  [vlan-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos]
        set_ingress_map [vlan-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos]
        set_name_type   [name-type]</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="vi" class="item"><strong>vi</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Edit FILE</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
        -R      Read-only
        -H      Short help regarding available features</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="vlock" class="item"><strong>vlock</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>vlock [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Lock all VTs</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="watch" class="item"><strong>watch</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG periodically</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -n      Loop period in seconds (default 2)
        -t      Don't print header</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="wc" class="item"><strong>wc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>wc [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE (or stdin),
and a total line if more than one FILE is specified</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -c      Print the byte counts
        -l      Print the newline counts
        -L      Print the length of the longest line
        -w      Print the word counts</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="wget" class="item"><strong>wget</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>wget [-c|--continue] [-s|--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document FILE]
<tr><td><td>[--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR]
<tr><td><td>[--no-check-certificate] [-U|--user-agent AGENT] URL</table></p>
<p>Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -s      Spider mode - only check file existence
        -c      Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
        -q      Quiet
        -P      Set directory prefix to DIR
        -O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
        -U STR  Use STR for User-Agent header
        -Y      Use proxy ('on' or 'off')</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="which" class="item"><strong>which</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>which [COMMAND]...</p>
<p>Locate a COMMAND</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="who" class="item"><strong>who</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>who [-a]</p>
<p>Show who is logged on</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -a      Show all</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="whoami" class="item"><strong>whoami</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>whoami</p>
<p>Print the user name associated with the current effective user id</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="xargs" class="item"><strong>xargs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Run PROG on every item given by stdin</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -p      Ask user whether to run each command
        -r      Don't run command if input is empty
        -0      Input is separated by NUL characters
        -t      Print the command on stderr before execution
        -e[STR] STR stops input processing
        -n N    Pass no more than N args to PROG
        -s N    Pass command line of no more than N bytes
        -x      Exit if size is exceeded</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="xz" class="item"><strong>xz</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>xz -d [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="xzcat" class="item"><strong>xzcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>xzcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="yes" class="item"><strong>yes</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>yes [STRING]</p>
<p>Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y'</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="zcat" class="item"><strong>zcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>zcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="zcip" class="item"><strong>zcip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>zcip [OPTIONS] IFACE SCRIPT</p>
<p>Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -f              Run in foreground
        -q              Quit after obtaining address
        -r 169.254.x.x  Request this address first
        -v              Verbose</pre>
<p>With no -q, runs continuously monitoring for ARP conflicts,
exits only on I/O errors (link down etc)</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="libc_nss">LIBC NSS</a></h1>
<p>GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior
of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
system data, such as passwords and group information.  This is implemented
using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the
/lib/libnss_* libraries.  BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make
use of NSS.  Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions
that require NSS.</p>
<p>If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to
directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without
using NSS.  This may allow you to run your system without the need for
installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.</p>
<p>When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require
that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular,
/etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).</p>
<p>Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc.  In
addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the
use of any NSS support files or libraries.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="maintainer">MAINTAINER</a></h1>
<p>Denis Vlasenko &lt;<a href="mailto:vda.linux@googlemail.com">vda.linux@googlemail.com</a>&gt;</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="authors">AUTHORS</a></h1>
<p>The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or
not.  If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be
listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory.  If you should be
listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is
incorrect, please send in an update.</p>
<br><p>Emanuele Aina &lt;<a href="mailto:emanuele.aina@tiscali.it">emanuele.aina@tiscali.it</a>&gt;
    run-parts</p>
<br><p>Erik Andersen &lt;<a href="mailto:andersen@codepoet.org">andersen@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
    core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
    Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
    nobody is going to actually read.</pre>
<br><p>Laurence Anderson &lt;<a href="mailto:l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk">l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm</pre>
<br><p>Jeff Angielski &lt;<a href="mailto:jeff@theptrgroup.com">jeff@theptrgroup.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    ftpput, ftpget</pre>
<br><p>Edward Betts &lt;<a href="mailto:edward@debian.org">edward@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    expr, hostid, logname, whoami</pre>
<br><p>John Beppu &lt;<a href="mailto:beppu@codepoet.org">beppu@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    du, nslookup, sort</pre>
<br><p>Brian Candler &lt;<a href="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tiny-ls(ls)</pre>
<br><p>Randolph Chung &lt;<a href="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    fbset, ping, hostname</pre>
<br><p>Dave Cinege &lt;<a href="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
    various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance</pre>
<br><p>Jordan Crouse &lt;<a href="mailto:jordan@cosmicpenguin.net">jordan@cosmicpenguin.net</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    ipcalc</pre>
<br><p>Magnus Damm &lt;<a href="mailto:damm@opensource.se">damm@opensource.se</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tftp client insmod powerpc support</pre>
<br><p>Larry Doolittle &lt;<a href="mailto:ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov">ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.</pre>
<br><p>Glenn Engel &lt;<a href="mailto:glenne@engel.org">glenne@engel.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    httpd</pre>
<br><p>Gennady Feldman &lt;<a href="mailto:gfeldman@gena01.com">gfeldman@gena01.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
    logread), various fixes.</pre>
<br><p>Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;<a href="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &amp;c.</pre>
<br><p>Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;<a href="mailto:dan@debian.org">dan@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    mktemp.c</pre>
<br><p>Matt Kraai &lt;<a href="mailto:kraai@alumni.cmu.edu">kraai@alumni.cmu.edu</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    documentation, bugfixes, test suite</pre>
<br><p>Stephan Linz &lt;<a href="mailto:linz@li-pro.net">linz@li-pro.net</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence</pre>
<br><p>John Lombardo &lt;<a href="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tr</pre>
<br><p>Glenn McGrath &lt;<a href="mailto:bug1@iinet.net.au">bug1@iinet.net.au</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
    nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
    Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.</pre>
<br><p>Manuel Novoa III &lt;<a href="mailto:mjn3@codepoet.org">mjn3@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
    mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
    get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines</pre>
<pre>
    also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
    ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
    mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
    interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route</pre>
<br><p>Vladimir Oleynik &lt;<a href="mailto:dzo@simtreas.ru">dzo@simtreas.ru</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
    ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
    locale, various fixes
    and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.</pre>
<br><p>Bruce Perens &lt;<a href="mailto:bruce@pixar.com">bruce@pixar.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
    still be found hiding here and there...</pre>
<br><p>Tim Riker &lt;<a href="mailto:Tim@Rikers.org">Tim@Rikers.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    bug fixes, member of fan club</pre>
<br><p>Kent Robotti &lt;<a href="mailto:robotti@metconnect.com">robotti@metconnect.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.</pre>
<br><p>Chip Rosenthal &lt;<a href="mailto:chip@unicom.com">chip@unicom.com</a>&gt;, &lt;<a href="mailto:crosenth@covad.com">crosenth@covad.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications</pre>
<br><p>Pavel Roskin &lt;<a href="mailto:proski@gnu.org">proski@gnu.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Lots of bugs fixes and patches.</pre>
<br><p>Gyepi Sam &lt;<a href="mailto:gyepi@praxis-sw.com">gyepi@praxis-sw.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Remote logging feature for syslogd</pre>
<br><p>Linus Torvalds &lt;<a href="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix</pre>
<br><p>Mark Whitley &lt;<a href="mailto:markw@codepoet.org">markw@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
    style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.</pre>
<br><p>Charles P. Wright &lt;<a href="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    gzip, mini-netcat(nc)</pre>
<br><p>Enrique Zanardi &lt;<a href="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance</pre>
<br><p>Tito Ragusa &lt;<a href="mailto:farmatito@tiscali.it">farmatito@tiscali.it</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.</pre>

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